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Friday 22 May 2020

Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and their Applications | Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles and their Applications


Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles and their applications

A case study of scientific contrast of Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using different chemical methods, Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using physical methods, Green synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles, Zinc oxide nanoparticles research paper views and perspective for students, Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles applications, Synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles pdf.

What is Nanotechnology or Nanoscience?

·Nanotechnology is developing field of science and technology which deals with particles which ranges in size between 1-100nm known as Nanoparticles (Sharma et al., 2014; Rather et al., 2013).


·Nanoscience is interdisciplinary field of engineering, chemistry, physics, environmental and biological sciences dealing with diverse kinds of nanoparticles (Teli et al., 2010).

·The nanoparticles exhibit unique physicochemical characteristics, for example, optical, mechanical, electronic, and biological etc. due to their high surface area to volume ratio this is in comparison to bulk materials with the same composition (Shipway et al., 2000).

· Due to their peculiar properties, they are being used for different applications in various fields like Agriculture, catalysis, electronics, environment etc.

·The biomedical application of nanotechnology is called nanomedicine which primarily aims to develop diagnostic and therapeutic approaches treating different disorders and the design of novel biomedical devices.

· Nanoparticles can easily bind to the cell membrane, receptors, nucleic acids, and proteins because of their small size which is the main reason for their wide range of applications in medicine (Winter, 2007).

Different types of Nanomaterials

Nanoparticles could be organized into diverse types according to the size, morphology, physical, chemical properties or based on material from which they are made. Thus, several types of nanomaterials are polymeric-based nanoparticles, carbon-based nanoparticles, metal-based nanoparticles, ceramic nanoparticles, semiconductor-based nanoparticles, and lipid-based nanoparticles.

      A)    Carbon-Based Nanoparticles:
· These nanomaterials are made of mostly carbon material, like carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and fullerenes.

·  They are mostly in the form of a hollow spheres, tubes or ellipsoids.
· Fullerenes are spherical and ellipsoidal carbon nanomaterials whereas cylindrical ones are called nanotubes.
· CNTs are two forms 1) single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and 2) Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs).
·Carbon-based nanoparticles have abundant conceivable applications, including improved films and coatings, drug delivery and in electronics applications.

     B)    Metal-Based nanoparticles:

As name itself suggest, these are nanoparticles which are made from metals are mentioned below

·         Gold
·         Silver
·         Quantum dots, and
·         Metal oxides, such as titanium dioxide etc

C)    Polymeric-based nanoparticles:

These nanomaterials are made of organic substances

·         Chitosan,
·         Alginates,
·         PLGA (poly (lactic acid-glycolic acid),
·         Poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) etc.
These nanomaterials are used for are controlled release of drug, protection of drug molecules, tissue engineering etc.

 D)    Ceramic-based nanoparticles:

·These ceramic-based nanoparticles are prepared from inorganic solids which are made of carbides, carbonates oxides, and phosphates.

·    They have special properties like high heat resistance and chemical inertness.
·  These nanoparticles have a lot of applications in the field of photo catalysis, photo degradation of dyes, drug delivery etc.

E)    Lipid-based nanoparticles:

·      These nanoparticles are made from lipid molecules like such as liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticle and nanostructured lipid carriers.

·      They are used in cancer therapy (anticancer drugs) and different drug delivery.

 Green synthesis of Nanoparticles:


There are different methods for the synthesis of nanoparticles like physical, chemical, and green methods. The physical approach requires the use of expensive machinery, high temperature, pressure, and large space for equipment. On the other hand, chemical methods involve the use of toxic chemicals that can prove harmful to the environment and to the individuals who handle it.

The literature states that some of the toxic chemicals are formed along with the nanoparticles while using the physical and chemical synthesis of nanoparticles which can be hazardous when used for application purposes in medical fields. Due to the above limitations physical and chemical methods are not preferred for nanoparticles synthesis. So we needed an environmentally friendly and cost-effective method for the synthesis of nanoparticles to overcome the limitations of physical and chemical methods Green synthesis or biological synthesis of nanoparticles is preferred as it is greener, cost-effective and energy-saving over the physical and chemical methods which have toxicity and are time-consuming.

Green synthesis of nanoparticles includes the use of microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, yeast, algae and plant extracts which are less hazardous, consuming less time, co-friendly and less toxic and limit the use of expensive and toxic chemicals (Agarwal et al., 2017). The different types of Physical, Chemical and Biological methods (Figure 1) for the synthesis of nanoparticles are mention below:

Methods for Preparation of Nanoparticles 

 Nanoparticles Methods


 Figure 1: Different methods for preparation of  nanoparticles


Physical Methods for the synthesis of nanoparticles:


1.      Electro chemical

2.      Ultra-sonication
3.      Laser ablation
4.      Evaporation
5.      Condensation

Chemical Methods for the synthesis of nanoparticles:

      1. Chemical reduction
      2. Sol gel

Biological synthesis or Green synthesis of nanoparticles:

1.      Bacteria

2.      Fungi
3.      Yeast
4.      Plant extracts


Zinc oxide Nanoparticles:

  • Zinc is an essential micronutrient that plays a crucial role in various metabolic processes and is the only element present in all the enzyme groups’ viz. transferases, lyases, oxidoreductases, isomerases, hydrolyses, and ligases (Auld, 2001).
  • Zinc plays an important role in the biosynthesis of carotenoids and chlorophylls that enhances the photosynthetic capacity of the plant Zinc is connected over 300 enzymes like carbonic anhydrase, dismutase of superoxide, Alkaline phosphatase, lactic dehhydrogenase etc, (Hambidge et al., 1972).
  •  There have been records of a variety of metal oxide nanoparticles, but zinc oxide nanoparticles are unique and key material that possess some characteristic features like it can absorb both UV-A and UV-B radiations, high excitation binding energy of 600 me V, crystalline density with a direct band gap of 3.3 eV at room temperature, orientation and morphology aspect ratio and its finds a wide range of applications in the area of science and technology.
  • Gunalan et al in 2012 start that Zinc oxide has been count on as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by USA food and drug administration(FDA). 
  • Zinc oxide nanoparticles have drawn the consideration of several researchers among the metal oxide nanoparticles because of their exclusive optical, chemical properties and diverse biomedical applications like; they play the essential role in physiological processes, long term use, biodegradability, biocompability, easier synthesis  and low cost.
  • The zinc oxide nanoparticles are commonly used in cosmetics industry like sun screen lotions due to its UV purifying properties (Wodka et al., 2010).The zinc oxide nanoparticles has wide range of biomedical applications. 
  • The important biomedical applications of zinc oxide nanoparticles are listed as below:-

1.      Drug delivery
2.      Anticancer
3.      Antibacterial
4.      Anti-diabetic
5.      Immune therapy
6.      Biosensing
zinc oxide applicationsFigure 2: Biomedical applications of zinc oxide nanoparticles

1.      Drug delivery (Application of zinc oxide nanoparticles) :-

·        Drug delivery is one of the innovative methods for the treatments of different diseases in modern medicine.
·     Therapeutic drug molecules have many common drawbacks, such as poor solubility, unspecificity, non-selectivity, rapid metabolism, toxicity, etc.
·        Nanoparticles-based drugs system, on the other hand, overcomes the above-mentioned limitations by gradually and sustainably releases the drugs into the target region of the body system (Mohanraj and Chen, 2006).
·     Various studies have shown that zinc oxide nanoparticles based drug delivery has been used for the treatments of various cancers.
·  Permitting to Mitra et al., 2012 zinc oxide nanorods containing folic acid and doxorubicin as a targeting agent have been used against MDA-MD-231 breast cancer cells (Zeng et al., 2015)

2.      Anticancer activity(Application of zinc oxide nanoparticles) :-

·    Cancer is the global health problem arising due to the uncontrolled growth of cells. Recent studies have shown that besides the use in drug delivery system zinc oxide nanoparticles itself have been shown anticancer activities against different cancer cell lines (Bisht and Rayamajh, 2016; Rasmussen et al., 2010).
·    Permitting to Ahamed et al., 2011 zinc oxide nanorods have been used against the A5649 cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner.
·       Generation of Reactive oxygen species and activation p53 and caspases was found to the possible mechanism behind the anticancer activities of zinc oxide nanorods.

3.      Antibacterial properties (Application of zinc oxide nanoparticles) :-

·  Bacterial infection diseases are serious health problems that cause hundreds of deaths every year.
· Due to the development of antibiotic resistance, it’s not possible to treat bacterial infections with the current antibiotics (Pandey et al., 2014, Yacoby and Benhar, 2008).
· Nano based drugs offer a new therapeutic strategy against the wide range of bacterial pathogens like E.coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis etc.
· The antibacterial therapies focused on zinc oxide nanoparticles have become well known in recent years.
·  Recent studies have shown zinc oxide nanoparticles generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) which is the mechanism behind their antibacterial effect.

4.      Anti-diabetic activity(Application of zinc oxide nanoparticles) :-

·   Diabetes mellitus is metabolic disorder due to the deficiency of insulin and insulin resistance which results in high blood glucose levels called hyperglycemia.
·     Due to the continuous use of insulin results with some serious complications in patients like insulin resistance, brain atrophy, fatty liver etc.).
·  Due to the shortage of zinc there will be growth of diabetes and associated complications, in such situations zinc oxide nanoparticles based therapy is an attractive substitute for diabettes (Alkaladi et al., 2014).

5.      Immune therapy(Application of zinc oxide nanoparticles) :-

· In the past years, immunotherapy using the immune molecules likes antigens, adjuvant and antibodies has become an advanced approach to combat different diseases (Cho et al., 2011), but delivery through these molecules in a targeted manner is a serious concern to achieve the therapeutic benefits.
· In this regard nanotechnology plays a very important role for delivering the different molecules to their targets.
·Studies on zinc oxide nanoparticles have shown considerable interest among researchers in the field of immunotherapy.
·  Rendering to, Roy et al.,2014 zinc oxide nanoparticles have shown adjuvant like effects when administered intraperitoneally along with ovalbumin, it was found that the serum levels of IgG1 and IgE were raised meaningfully with zinc oxide nanoparticles based on  treatment.

6.      Biosensing (Application of zinc oxide nanoparticles) :-

·   Biosensors with high sensitivity and accuracy can detect various biologically significant molecules Jain, 2007.
·  Biosensing technologies are used primarily for diagnosis of various disorders, cellular imaging, nucleotide sequence detection, etc.,
·  Researchers have noticed in the last decades that ZnO-NPs can be used for diverse applications in biosensing.

Zinc-Nanoparticles (ZnNPs) and Fisheries Applications. 


Below are some of the works related to Zinc-nanoparticles and fisheries which are reported by different scientists across the globe. 

  • Neeraj Kumar et al., 2018 showed growth performance was outstandingly improved, and anti-oxidative stress (glutathione-s-transferase, superoxide dismutase and catalase,) significantly condensed in the ZnNPs supplemented groups. Equally, immunological tests such as total protein, albumin, globulin, significantly improved, and stress biomarkers such as blood glucose, cortisol, and HSP70 were the decrease in ZnNPs treatment. Inclusive, the outcomes recommend dietary ZnNPs with less meditation in the diet has a definitive role in the alleviation of abiotic and biotic stress in Pangasius hypophthalmus 
  • Swain et al., 2018 used ZnNPs and selenium nanoparticles to see their effect on growth and immune responses in Indian major carp fish (Rohu) . The outcome of this work showed increase in growth performance fish, stimulates immunity and enhances resistance to bacterial infection in L. rohita those which are feed with dietary supplementation of zinc oxide and selenium nanoparticles 
  • By using β-1, 3 Glucan binding protein-based Zinc oxide nanoparticles as a supplemented diet Anjugam et al., 2018 showed potential effect to enhance the immune system and survival of Oreochromis mossambicus against Aeromonas hydrophila
  • Shahzad et al., 2019 reavled zine oxide nanoparticles have the possible to gather in the gill tissues, causing respiratory suffering such as oxidative stress and genotoxicity in tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). Highest accumulation of Zn nanoparticles were observed in liver, oxidative stress was maximum in gills and DNA damage was observed in RBC cell.


Key Terms
Different types of nanomaterials, Size of nanomaterials, Morphology of nanomaterials, Physical properties of nanomaterials, chemical properties nanomaterials, Types of nanomaterials, Polymeric-based nanoparticles, Carbon-based nanoparticles, Metal-based nanoparticles, Ceramic nanoparticles, Semiconductor-based nanoparticles, Lipid-based nanoparticles, Electro chemical Physical method of nanoparticles, Ultra sonication Physical method of nanoparticles, Laser ablation Physical method of nanoparticles, Evaporation Physical method of nanoparticles, Condensation Physical method of nanoparticles, Chemical reduction  method of nanoparticles, Sol gel Chemical Methods of nanoparticles, Bacteria Green synthesis of nanoparticles, Fungi Green synthesis of nanoparticles, Yeast Green synthesis of nanoparticles, Plant extracts Green synthesis of nanoparticles, Drug delivery nanoparticles applications, Anticancer based application of nanoparticles, Antibacterial based application of nanoparticles, Anti-diabetic application of nanoparticles, Immune therapy application of nanoparticles, Biosensing application using of nanoparticles, Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using leaf extract, Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using aloe vera, Green synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles, Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using zinc chloride, Zinc oxide nanoparticles research paper, Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using plant extract, Green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles, Synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles pdf,

Questions
1. How do you synthesis zinc oxide nanoparticles?
2, What is the green synthesis method for nanoparticles?
3. How do you make zinc oxide nanoparticles?
4. What is green synthesis of nanoparticles?
5. What is the main application of nanoparticles?
6. what are the different methods of nanoparticle synthesis?
7. Applications of zinc oxide nanoparticles in fisheries and aquactuure
8 .zinc oxide nanoparticles and fishes
Note:
Credit of writing this article goes to Gulzar Ahmed Rather PhD scholar nanobiotechnology, Department of Biomedical engineering Sathyabama institute of science and Technology, Chennai Tamil Nadu-600119 India

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